Cranes are widely used for lifting and are defined and classified under TS ISO 4306. Misinterpretation of the standard has led to chain-operated lifting devices being called hoists as though they were an entirely separate category. Hoists are a form of lifting equipment within the crane classification; the distinction 'wire-rope equipment is a crane, chain equipment is a hoist' is misleading.
Cranes are named according to features such as their movement and structure. Examples include monorail cranes travelling along one rail, overhead travelling cranes operating on three axes, and the various container cranes used in ports and customs facilities.
Before first use, after major maintenance or repair, and every three years, cranes must undergo a static test at 1.25 times maximum lifting capacity, a dynamic test at 1.1 times capacity, and an operating-load test at the operating capacity. The load chart must be considered where applicable. Dimensional and deformation checks before and after testing establish the crane's condition.
At the other periodic inspection intervals, testing uses a load equal to the operating capacity. All movements must be performed during the operating test to assess the equipment's condition.
Inspection covers the general structure, control system, electrical circuits, condition and tolerances of ropes and chains, hook tolerances, control position and access, rails, wheels and other components. Certificates, delivery records and related documents for ropes, chains and similar items must be kept in the equipment register and made available to the inspector so that tolerances can be assessed.
A common error is failing to examine the structure, brake linings, ropes, hooks and other components individually before and after each test. Testing begins with the operating-load test, followed by checks to determine whether it is safe to proceed to the next stage. Attachments connecting the test load to the crane must be suitable for both the test weight and the load's characteristics.
Periodic crane inspection is mandatory under the Regulation on Health and Safety Requirements for the Use of Work Equipment and must take place at least once a year.
The inspection interval should take account of:
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How close the lifted loads are to the crane's rated capacity;
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The age of the equipment;
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Findings from the breakdown and maintenance records;
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Operating hours;
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Site conditions, such as chemical vapours or saline environments.
Crane inspections may be carried out by mechanical engineers, mechatronics engineers, metallurgical and materials engineers, technical teachers with mechanical or metalwork qualifications, or mechanical technicians and higher mechanical technicians.
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